KRITERIJUMI KVALIFIKACIJE UGOVORA O MEĐUNARODNOJ PRODAJI ROBE I PITANJE MERODAVNOG PRAVA

In this article we have been researching the contract for the international sale of goods i.e we have been examining the criteria and standards which are to qualify the international sale of goods. In the focus of the researches were subjective criteria of qualification which were considered regarding personal and territorial standards, and later objective and mixed i.e subjective-objective criteria which qualify the contract for the international sale of goods. The fact that a contract for the sale of goods has different legal effects in different legal systems has cleared the path in sense of conducting researches comparative law in national legislation, as well as rules contained in international sources i.e. in international conventions as means of unification which organize this most frequent legal affair regarding international trade. In this way, we have comparatively examined the sale system with property law effect and sale with obligation law effect. At the same time we have discussed both civil and collision law's aspects of the very important principle for this contract - autonomy of the will. In cases of dispute or by the will of the parties the specific national law will be applied to some questions regarding this contract with a foreign element, we have paid attention to applicable national law concerning contract for the international sale of goods, especially for its validity.U ovom radu istraživali smo kada je ugovor o prodaji - ugovor o međunarodnoj prodaji, tj. ispitivali smo kriterijume i merila koji kvalifikuju prodaju robe međunarodnom. U fokusu istraživanja bili su subjektivni kriterijumi kvalifikacije, razmatrani kroz personalna i teritorijalna merila, potom objektivni i mešoviti, tj, subjektivno-objektivni kriterijumi koji kvalifikuju kao takav ugovor o međunarodnoj prodaji robe. Činjenica da ugovor o prodaji ima različita pravna dejstva u različitim pravnim sistemima, trasirala je put istraživanja i ka uporednopravnim rešenjima u nacionalnim zakonodavstvima, a potom i ka rešenjima sadržanim u međunarodnim izvorima, tj. međunarodnim konvencijama kojima se pokušava unifikacija pravila koja uređuju ovaj - najčešći pravni posao u međunarodnoj trgovini. Tako smo, komparativno, ispitali sistem stvarnopravnog i obligacionopravnog dejstva ugovora o prodaji, razmotrivši i građanskopravni i kolizionopravni aspekt načela autonomije volje, koje je važno za ovaj ugovor. Kako, voljom stranaka ili u slučaju spora, dolazi do primene određenog nacionalnog prava na pojedina pitanja ovog ugovora sa elementom inostranosti, pažnju smo posvetili i merodavnom nacionalnom pravu za ugovor o međunarodnoj prodaji robe, naročito za njegovu punovažnost

30 GODINA KONVENCIJE UN O UGOVORIMA O MEĐUNARODNOJ PRODAJI ROBE

The article discusses the importance and scope of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) and its contribution to the unification of the Law of international sale of goods. Although it does not regulate all matters relating to international sale of goods, the Vienna Convention is undoubtedly the most frequently used source of law for contracts for the international sale of goods. Containing substantive rules to regulate this, the most common, legal operation in international business, the CISG, 30 years after being signed, confirms its successful implementation throughout the world. The paper analyses parts of the Vienna Convention, as chapters of this article, through the prism of the views of leading international scientists, which were presented at the International Conference held at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law in November 2010. The paper underlines current and outstanding issues regarding the application and interpretation of the CISG, and the solutions to these problems proposed by different authors. This article pays particular attention to issues of content and conclusion of the sales contracts, lack of conformity of delivered goods, and remedies for non-performance of the contract and the exclusion of contractual liability. In addition, the paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of international conventions as a source of uniform rules governing contracts for the international sale of goods, as well as the relation of the Vienna Convention and other (especially newer) instruments of unification, which may be applied to regulate this most common legal operation in international business.U radu se razmatra značaj i domašaj Konvencije UN o ugovorima o međunarodnoj prodaji robe (Bečka konvencija), kao i njen doprinos unifikaciji prava međunarodne prodaje robe. Delovi Bečke konvencije su, kao poglavlja u ovom radu, razmatrani kroz prizmu stavova vodećih međunarodnih naučnika koji su izloženi na Međunarodnoj konferenciji održanoj na Pravnom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu novembra 2010. godine. Ukazano je na aktuelna i otvorena pitanja u vezi sa primenom i tumačenjem Bečke konvencije, o kojima različiti autori daju svoja viđenja za rešavanje ovih problema. U radu je posebna pažnja posvećena pitanjima zaključenja i sadržine ugovora o prodaji, nesaobraznosti isporučene robe, kao i pravnim sredstvima za neizvršenje ugovora i isključenju ugovorne odgovornosti. Pored toga, razmatrane su prednosti i nedostaci međunarodnih konvencija kao izvora uniformnih pravila za regulisanje ugovora o međunarodnoj prodaji robe, kao i odnos Bečke konvencije i drugih (naročito novijih) instrumenata unifikacije, kojima se može regulisati ovaj najčešći posao u međunarodnom poslovanju

KRITERIJUMI KVALIFIKACIJE UGOVORA O MEĐUNARODNOJ PRODAJI ROBE I PITANJE MERODAVNOG PRAVA

U ovom radu istraživali smo kada je ugovor o prodaji - ugovor o međunarodnoj prodaji, tj. ispitivali smo kriterijume i merila koji kvalifikuju prodaju robe međunarodnom. U fokusu istraživanja bili su subjektivni kriterijumi kvalifikacije, razmatrani kroz personalna i teritorijalna merila, potom objektivni i mešoviti, tj, subjektivno-objektivni kriterijumi koji kvalifikuju kao takav ugovor o međunarodnoj prodaji robe. Činjenica da ugovor o prodaji ima različita pravna dejstva u različitim pravnim sistemima, trasirala je put istraživanja i ka uporednopravnim rešenjima u nacionalnim zakonodavstvima, a potom i ka rešenjima sadržanim u međunarodnim izvorima, tj. međunarodnim konvencijama kojima se pokušava unifikacija pravila koja uređuju ovaj - najčešći pravni posao u međunarodnoj trgovini. Tako smo, komparativno, ispitali sistem stvarnopravnog i obligacionopravnog dejstva ugovora o prodaji, razmotrivši i građanskopravni i kolizionopravni aspekt načela autonomije volje, koje je važno za ovaj ugovor. Kako, voljom stranaka ili u slučaju spora, dolazi do primene određenog nacionalnog prava na pojedina pitanja ovog ugovora sa elementom inostranosti, pažnju smo posvetili i merodavnom nacionalnom pravu za ugovor o međunarodnoj prodaji robe, naročito za njegovu punovažnost

Differences of Property Transfer Systems in Europe - the challenge of substantive unification of contract law in the 21st century

Although there is a tendency towards substantive unification of contract law, the conflict-of-law approach still proves to be necessary. Tendencies in Europe in the late 20th and early 21st century show a continuance of the commitment to build a unique European legal area, which includes a substantive unification of contract law. A significant obstacle, or rather a challenge is in the existence of differences between national legal systems in terms of property right transfer methods. This situation is a logical consequence of national legal traditions and of the development of rules regarding this issue in Europe, where there are still two different basic systems of passing of property: the French system, by which the final preferred purpose and effects of a legal transaction are achieved by the conclusion of the contract itself and, on the other hand, the German system, which implies that by concluding the contract, the contracting parties accept the obligation to transfer ownership rights in the next step. The authors have conducted research on whether these two systems are irreconcilable. The paper further analyses whether it is possible and necessary to reach a unique solution by which this question would be universally regulated in the European legal area. Upon finding reasons for the fact that leading countries are still not prepared to relinquish their legal traditions on this issue, the authors examine the practical legal importance and consequences of the described differences. Going a step further, the paper concludes that the described differences are concerning legal theory and history, and that the practical legal importance of the issue is not of fundamental significance. The legal analysis shows that the central question is not always about the moment of the transfer of rights. The crucial issue is the moment of risk transfer, which usually is the issue of higher legal importance and of practical legal consequences. This is further accentuated by the fact that the moments of property transfer and risk transfer do not necessarily coincide. In this way, the practical legal importance of the primary differences is relativized and reduced

Modelling of container service at port terminals

U radu je razmatran proces transporta i pretovara kontejnera dopremljenih drumskim teretnim vozilima u lučki kontejnerski terminal. Ulazno - izlazna kapija, inspekcijsko mesto i skladišna dizalica mogu se posmatrati kao kanali sistema masovnog opsluživanja (SMO) koji redom opslužuju kontejnere. U analizi se primenjuje redna veza SMO. Cilj primene ovakve veze je određivanje intenziteta opsluživanja u pojedinačnim sistemima da bi se smanjilo vreme čekanja kontejnera unutar lučkog terminala i posledično vreme obrta drumskih teretnih vozila koja dopremaju izvozne kontejnere. Opisan je simulacioni model redne veze SMO pod određenim pretpostavkama o raspodelama verovatnoća vremena opsluživanja. Rezultati pokazuju da se ovakva veza SMO može uspešno koristiti za modeliranje opsluživanja kontejnera.A serial system for handling export containers at a port terminal is considered in this paper. The steps that a container must follow in passing through the various port control points are: an entry gate where some paperwork is done, another control point such as weighting/inspection station, and a bridge-type yard crane that lifts containers onto a storage area. An entry gate, weighting/inspection station and a yard crane can be considered as service channels of queuing systems that operate in series. The goal of implementation of serial queuing systems is to determine the intensity of service in an individual queuing system to reduce the waiting time of containers inside the port terminal, as well as the turnaround time of road freight vehicles that deliver export containers. Under the specified assumptions related to probability distributions for service time, the simulation model of a serial system of queuing systems is developed. It has been shown that modeling of container service at port terminals can be carried out successfully by applying serial queuing systems

Clinical significance of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in endocrinology

Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds used in human medicine for the diagnosis of 95% and therapy of 5%. Radiopharmaceuticals are used by in-vivo and in-vitro in medicine. In-vitro application includes RIA methods (radioimmunoassay) in clinical laboratories. RIA methods are methods with bookmarks, i.e. the indicator molecule is marked with a radioactive isotope 125J with a half-life of 60 days. RIA methods are the most sensitive quantitative and qualitative techniques. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay that uses radiolabeled molecules in a stepwise formation of immune complexes. Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) is an assay that uses radiolabeled antibodies. It differs from conventional RIA n that the compound to be measured combines immediately with the radiolabeled antibodies, rather than displacing another antigen by degrees over some period. RIA and IRMA are the most commonly used techniques which allow the measurement of a wide range of materials of clinical and biological importance, especially in endocrinology for estimation of hormones. These techniques have a significant impact on medical diagnosis due to the ease with which the tests can be carried out, while assuring precision, specificity and sensitivity. These techniques achieve sensitivity through the use of radionuclides and specificity that is uniquely associated with immunochemical reactions. They are largely used for measuring biologically active compounds present in low concentrations, such as hormones, proteins, drugs, microorganisms, etc. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) method is employed to determine numerous hormones, enzymes, antigens, and drugs in very low quantities (10-12–10-9 M) in human plasma in order to assess various diseases. In RIA, the immunologic reaction between the antigen and the antibody is highly specific, and hence the method has high specificity. The accuracy of the method depends on various experimental factors and the specificity of the antigen–antibody reaction. The precision of RIA is affected by experimental errors in pipetting of reagents, chemical separation of the complex, and counting. IRMA is much more sensitive to RIA, which in some cases (e.g. in TSH) is very significant. Because of the use of monoclonal antibodies in the first phase of the reaction, this system has a much better specificity, which significantly reduces errors due to cross-reactions with other hormones.VII International Conference on Radiation in Various Fields of Research : RAD 2019 : book of abstracts; June 10-14, 2019; Herceg Novi, Montenegr

Ugovorna odgovornost - pravni režim u uporednom pravu

Predmet rada je ugovorna odgovornost, odnosno obaveza naknade štete zbog (delimičnog ili potpunog) neispunjenja ugovorne obaveze, odnosno njenog nesaobraznog ili zakasnelog ispunjenja. Primenom pravnodogmatskog i uporedno-pravnog metoda, autori istražuju polazišta i karakteristike pravnog režima predviđenog za okolnosti ili događaje koje dužnika ometaju u izvršenju ugovora tako da mu postane nemoguće da ispuni svoju ugovornu obavezu ili mu to postane znatno otežano. Poredeći rešenja nacionalnih zakonodavstava, autori dolaze do zaključka da u uporednom pravu nema jedinstvenog stava o tome koje sve okolnosti oslobađaju dužnika od ugovorne odgovornosti. Idući korak dalje, u radu se istražuju razlozi postojanja razlika među pravnim sistemima, te autori nalaze da su one posledica koncepta ugovorne odgovornosti koji je primenjen u određenom pravnom okviru. Identifikuju se dva osnovna sistema: subjektivna ugovorna odgovornost koja se zasniva na pretpostavljenoj krivici dužnika i objektivna, u kojoj krivica nije pravno relevantna. Nakon istraživanja pravnog okvira nacionalnih zakonodavstava, zaključuje se da se subjektivna ugovorna odgovornost pretežno javlja u evropsko-kontinentalnom pravnom krugu, a objektivna u anglo- saksonskom, uz određena odstupanja. Iz ugla dužnika, opredeljenje za subjektivnu ugovornu odgovornost je nešto povoljnije jer on može, odmah po povredi ugovora, znati da poveriocu ne duguje naknadu štete ako je povredio ugovor zbog okolnosti koje nije mogao da spreči. Suprotno tome, sistem objektivne ugovorne odgovornosti je povoljniji za poverioca budući da krivica dužnika, u načelu, ne utiče na njegovo pravo da zahteva naknadu štete

Disruption management in public transit: the bee colony optimization approach

Disruptions in carrying out planned bus schedules occur daily in many public transit companies. Disturbances are often so large that it is necessary to perform re-planning of planned bus and crew activities. Dispatchers in charge of traffic operations must frequently find an answer to the following question in a very short period of time: How should available buses be distributed among bus routes in order to minimize total passengers\u27 waiting time on the network? We propose a model for assigning buses to scheduled routes when there is a shortage of buses. The proposed model is based on the bee colony optimization (BCO) technique. It is a biologically inspired method that explores collective intelligence applied by honey bees during the nectar collecting process. It has been shown that this developed BCO approach can generate high-quality solutions within negligible processing times

Lociranje opasnih materija sa konstantnim i promenljivim radijusima uticaja / Locating dangerous goods with constant and variable impact radii / Размещение опасных материалов с постоянным и переменным радиусом воздействия

Donošenje odluka o prostornom raspoređivanju opasnih materija neophodno je zbog minimiziranja rizika po okolinu. U ovom radu razmatran je problem lociranja različitih vrsta opasnih materija (sa različitim karakteristikama). One mogu biti locirane unutar poznatog diskretnog skupa potencijalnih lokacija skladišta, pod uslovom da budu zadovoljena minimalna bezbednosna rastojanja između odabranih lokacija. Minimalno bezbednosno rastojanje je posledica postojanja verovatnoće da opasne materije neželjeno deluju na objekte u okolini. Cilj je da se istovremeno maksimizira uskladištena količina različitih opasnih materija, vodeći računa o minimalnim bezbednosnim rastojanjima. Za neke opasne materije minimalno bezbednosno rastojanje je konstantna vrednost, koja zavisi samo od karakteristika opasnih materija. Sa druge strane, minimalno bezbednosno rastojanje može da varira u zavisnosti od količine opasne materije i njenih ostalih karakteristika. Za ova dva tipa minimalnih bezbednosnih rastojanja predloženi su modeli mešovitog celobrojnog programiranja. Ovi modeli zasnovani su na lokacijskom problemu nepokrivanja, pa se mogu tretirati i kao njegova modifikacija i proširenje. Verifikacija modela sprovedena je i ilustrovana na generisanom hipotetičkom primeru čiji su rezultati prikazani. / Making decisions about dangerous goods positioning is crucial when it is necessary to minimize environmental risks. In this paper, a specific problem of locating various kinds of dangerous goods (with different characteristics) has been considered. Such goods should be located in a known discrete set of potential storage sites, under condition of the minimum safety distance (MSD) between selected locations. The existence of the MSD is a consequence of the possibility that dangerous goods transfer their undesirable effects to the objects in the neighborhood. The objective here is to maximize the quantity of different kinds of dangerous goods stored meanwhile respecting MSDs. For some dangerous goods, the MSD may be determined as a constant value, which depends only on the dangerous goods' characteristics. On the other hand, the MSD may vary depending on quantity and characteristics of particular dangerous goods. Mixed integer linear programming models are proposed for these two types of MSDs. The spirit of the anti-covering location problem (ACLP) is present in the proposed formulations and thus these models can be viewed as a modification and extension of the ACLP. Finally, a randomly generated numerical example has been used to verify and illustrate the proposed models. / Для минимизации угрозы внешнего окружения необходимо разработать систему решений в области размещения опасных веществ. В данной работе рассмотрены проблемы, касающиеся размещения различных видов опасных веществ (с различными характеристиками). Опасные материалы должны быть размещены в дискретном пространстве потенциальных местоположений складов, при условии соблюдения минимальных безопасных расстояний между выбранными пунктами. Минимальное безопасное расстояние рассчитывается на основании вероятности неблагоприятного воздействия веществ на внешнее окружение и прилегающие объекты. Цель работы заключается в максимизации количества складированных материалов, соблюдая минимальное безопасное расстояние. Минимально безопасное расстояние в случае некоторых видов веществ имеет постоянные значения, которые зависят от характеристик опасных веществ. С другой стороны, минимально безопасное расстояние может колебаться в зависимости от количества опасных веществ и других характеристик. Для описанных видов минимально безопасного расстояния предлагаются модели смешанного численного метода программирования. Данные модели основаны на проблеме определении местоположения складов, таким образом их можно считать расширенным дополнением задачи программирования выбора местоположения. Верификация модели выполнена на гипотетическом примере, результаты которого приведены в работе